- Windows key: Opens or closes the Start menu.
- Windows key + D: Shows the desktop or restores minimized windows.
- Windows key + E: Opens File Explorer.
- Windows key + L: Locks the computer and brings you to the login screen.
- Windows key + Tab: Opens Task View, which displays all open windows and virtual desktops.
- Windows key + R: Opens the Run dialog box.
- Windows key + I: Opens the Settings app.
- Alt + Tab: Switches between open windows.
- Alt + F4: Closes the active window.
- Ctrl + Shift + Esc: Opens the Task
- Ctrl + C: Copies the selected item or text to the clipboard.
- Ctrl + X: Cuts the selected item or text.
- Ctrl + V: Pastes the contents of the clipboard.
- Ctrl + Z: Undoes the last action.
- Ctrl + Y: Redoes the last action.
- Ctrl + A: Selects all items or text.
- Ctrl + S: Saves the current document or file.
- Ctrl + P: Opens the print dialog box.
- Ctrl + F: Opens the find dialog box to search for text or items.
- Ctrl + Shift + N: Creates a new folder in File Explorer.
- Alt + F4: Closes the active window or application.
- Alt + Enter: Displays properties for the selected item.
- Alt + Space: Opens the window's system menu (for example, to maximize or minimize a window).
- F2: Renames the selected item.
- F5: Refreshes the current window or webpage.
- Windows key + X: Opens the power user menu, which provides quick access to various system tools and settings.
- Windows key + A: Opens the Action Center, where you can view notifications and access quick settings.
- Windows key + S: Opens the Windows Search bar to quickly search for files, folders, apps, and settings.
- Windows key + Arrow keys: Snaps the active window to the sides or corners of the screen, maximizing or resizing it.
- Windows key + "+" or "-": Zooms in or out on the screen.
- Windows key + Ctrl + D: Creates a new virtual desktop.
- Windows key + Ctrl + F4: Closes the current virtual desktop.
- Windows key + Ctrl + Left/Right arrow key: Switches between virtual desktops.
- Windows key + Print Screen: Takes a screenshot and saves it to the Screenshots folder in your Pictures library.
- Windows key + ; (semicolon): Opens the emoji picker, allowing you to insert emojis into your text.
- Ctrl + Shift + Esc: Opens the Task Manager directly.
- Alt + Print Screen: Takes a screenshot of the active window only.
- Windows key + number (1-9): Opens or switches to the application pinned to the taskbar at the specified position.
- Windows key + Ctrl + number (1-9): Opens the corresponding application in the taskbar and creates a new instance if it's already open.
- Windows key + Shift + number (1-9): Opens the corresponding application in the taskbar with administrator rights.
- Windows key + T: Cycles through the applications on the taskbar using thumbnail previews.
- Windows key + Shift + T: Cycles backward through the applications on the taskbar using thumbnail previews.
- Windows key + B: Highlights the notification area on the taskbar.
- Windows key + M: Minimizes all open windows.
- Windows key + Shift + M: Restores previously minimized windows.
- Windows key + U: Opens the Ease of Access Center.
- Windows key + K: Opens the Connect pane to connect to wireless displays and audio devices.
- Windows key + Esc: Opens the Start menu and focuses the search bar.
- Windows key + Space: Switches between keyboard input languages or input methods.
- Windows key + Ctrl + Space: Switches to the previous input language or method.
- Windows key + . (period): Opens the emoji picker.
- Windows key + , (comma): Temporarily displays the desktop.
- Windows key + Shift + S: Opens the snipping tool to capture a specific area of the screen.
- Windows key + Ctrl + D: Adds a new virtual desktop.
- Windows key + Ctrl + F4: Closes the current virtual desktop.
- Windows key + Ctrl + Left/Right arrow key: Switches between virtual desktops.
- Windows key + G: Opens the Xbox Game Bar, which allows you to record gameplay, take screenshots, and access gaming features.
- Windows key + E: Opens File Explorer.
- Windows key + I: Opens the Settings app.
- Windows key + R: Opens the Run dialog box.
- Windows key + P: Opens the projection settings to adjust display options when using multiple monitors or projectors.
- Windows key + X: Opens the power user menu, providing quick access to system tools and settings.
- Windows key + Pause/Break: Opens the System Properties window.
- Windows key + Tab: Opens Task View, which displays all open windows and virtual desktops.
- Windows key + L: Locks the computer and brings you to the login screen.
- Windows key + U: Opens the Ease of Access Center.
- Windows key + Print Screen: Takes a screenshot and saves it to the Screenshots folder in your Pictures library.
पहली पीढ़ी कंप्यूटर (1946-1954) इलेक्ट्रॉनिक वाल्व (वैक्यूम ट्यूब) का उपयोग करने वाले डिजिटल कंप्यूटर को पहली पीढ़ी के रूप में जाना जाता है। पहली पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटरों के कुछ उदाहरण हैं इंटरनेशनल बिजनेस मशीन की IBM-700 श्रृंखला IBM-701, IMB-709, EDVAC (इलेक्ट्रॉनिक डिस्क्रीट वेरिएबल ऑटोमैटिक कंप्यूटर), और UNIVAC (यूनिवर्सल ऑटोमैटिक कंप्यूटर)। पहली पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटर आमतौर पर सीपीयू घटकों के रूप में वैक्यूम ट्यूबों का उपयोग करते थे। वैक्यूम ट्यूबों की उच्च लागत ने मुख्य मेमोरी के लिए उनके उपयोग को रोक दिया। MIT में निर्मित बवंडर I, फेराइट कोर मेमोरी का उपयोग करने वाला पहला कंप्यूटर था। पहली पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटर प्रोग्रामिंग के लिए विधानसभा भाषा का इस्तेमाल किया। वे निश्चित-बिंदु अंकगणित का उपयोग करते थे। दूसरी पीढ़ी कंप्यूटर (1955-1964) दूसरी पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटरों में सीपीयू घटकों के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले ट्रांजिस्टर, मुख्य मेमोरी के लिए फेराइट कोर और द्वितीयक मेमोरी के लिए चुंबकीय डिस्क, ड्रम और टेप होते थे। उन्होंने प्रोग्रामिंग के लिए उच्च स्तरीय भाषा जैसे FOTRON (1956) ALGOL (19
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