Computer Generation

Computer Generation

History of Computers: In Brief
Year	Inventions	Inventor
16t century	Abacus	China
1617	Napier's Bones	John Napier
1642	First Calculating machine	Blaise Pascal
1801	Card of holes for Weaving pattern	Joseph Jacquard
1823-24	Difference Engine; Analytical engine	Charles Babbage
1936	First Z-series calculators	Konrad Zuse
1880	Tabulating machine using punch cards	Herman Hollerith
1980	MARK-1	Howard Aitken & Grace Hopper
1946	ENIAC (Electronic Numerical & Calculator)	JP Eckert 8&JW Mauchly
1947-49	EDSAC (Electronic Delayed Storage Automatic Computer)	John Von Newmann
1950	EDVAC (Electronic Delayed Variable Automatic Computer)	Moor School (the USA)
1951	UNIVAC-I (Universal Automatic Computer)	JP Eckert & JW Mauchly
1953	Transistor	Bell Labs (the USA)
1957	Fortran Language	John Backus, IBM
1958	integrated Circuit (IC)	Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce
1959	COBOL language	Grace Hopper
1964	BASIC language	John Kemeny & Thomus Kurtz
1975	P6o60, world's first personal computer	Olivetti
1976	Apple 1	Steve Wozniak
1980	MS DOS Software	Microsoft Corp.
1984	Macintosh PC or MAC PC	Apple Corp.
1988	INTEL 486 Processor	Intel Corp.
1991	Laws of Www	Tim Barners Lee

COMPUTER GENERATIONS
First-Generation Machines

Even before the ENIAC was finished, Eckert and Mauchly recognized its limitations and started the design of à stored-program computer, EDVAC. In this generation of equipment, temporary or working storage was provided by acoustic delay lines, which used the propagation time of sound.

EDVAC was the first stored-program computer designed; however it was not the first to run. The first working von Neumann machine was the Manchester "Baby" or Small-Scale Experimental Machine, developed by Frederic C.Williams and Tom Kilburn, in 1948 as a test bed for the Williams tube.

EDSAC was actually inspired by plans for EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the successor to ENIAC. Unlike ENIAC, which used parallel processing, EDVAC used a single processing unit. The design was simpler and it was the first to be implemented in each succeeding wave of miniaturization, and increased reliability.

In 1950, the first universal programmable computer in the Soviet Union MSEM, was created by a team of scientists under direction of Sergei Alekeyevich Lebedev. It had about 6,000 vacuum tubes and consumed 25 kW of power. It could perform approximately 3,000 operations per second.

In 1949, another early machine, an Australian designs ESIRAC was déveloped which remains the oldest computer still in existerće and the first to have been used to play digital music.

Commercial Computers

The first commercial computer was the Ferranti Mark 1, developed in February 1951. It was an improved version of Manchester Mark1. The main improvements over the Manchester Mark 1 were in the size of the primary storage (using random access Williams tubes), secondary storage (using a magnetic drum), a faster multiplier, and additional instructions. The basic cycle time was 1.2 milliseconds, and a multiplication could be completed in about 2.16 milliseconds. The multiplier used almost a quarter of the machine's 4,050 vacuum tubes (valves).

In 1952, IBM publicly announced the IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine, the first in its successful 700/7000 series and its first IBM mainframe computer. The IBM 704, introduced in 1954, used magnetic core memory, which became the standard for large machines. The first implemented high-level general purpose programming language, Fortran, was also developed at IBM for the 704,

and released in early 1957.

IBM introduced its first magnetic disk system, RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control) in 1956. Using fifty 24-inch (610 mm) metal disks, with 100 tracks per side, it was able to store 5 megabytes of data at a cost of $10,000 per megabyte( $ 90 thousand as of 2012).

Second Generation Machines : Transistors

The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the "second generation" of computers. Initially the only devices available were germanium point-contact transistors, which although less reliable than the vacuum tubes, they had the advantage of consuming far less power. The first transistorised computer was built at the University of Manchester and was operational by 1953; a second version was completed there in April 1955. Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors have many advantages they are smaller, and require less power than vacuum tubes, so give off less heat. Silicon junction transistors were much more reliable than vacuum tubes and had longer, indefinite, service life. Transistorized computers could contain tens of thousands of binary logic circuits ina relatively compact space. Transistors greatly reduced computers, size, initial cost, and operating cost.

Typically, composed of large numbers printed circuit boards such as the TBM Standard Modular System each carrying one to four logic gates or flip-flops. Transistorized electronics improved not only the CPU (Central Processing Unit), but also the peripheral devices. The IBM 350 RAMAC was introduced in 1956 and was the world's first disk drive second-generation computers The second were able to store tens of millions of letters and digits. Next to the fixed disk storage units, connected to the CPU via high-speed data transmission, were removable disk data storage units. A removable disk stack can be easily exchanged with another stack in a few seconds. Even if the removable disks capacity is smaller than fixed disks, their interchangeability guarantees a nearly unlimited quantity of data close at hand. Magnetic tape provided archival capability for this data, at a lower cost than disk.

During the second generation remote terminal units saw greatly increased use. Telephone connections provided sufficient speed for early remote terminals and allowed hundreds of kilometres separation between remote-terminals and the computing center. Eventually these stand-alone computer networks would be generalized into an interconnected network of networks-the Internet.

Third Generation Machines and beyond: Post-1960

The explosion in the use of computers began with "third-generation" computers, making use of Jack St. Clair Kilby's and Robert Noyce's invention of the integrated circuit (or microchip), which led to the invention of the microprocessor. It is largely undisputed that the first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004, designed and realized by Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor at Intel. During the 1960 s there was considerable overlap between second and third generation technologies. IBM implemented its IBM Solid Logic Technology modules in hybrid circuits for the IBM System/360 in 1964. Minicomputers served as low-cost computer centers for industry, business and universities. It became possible to simulate analog circuits with the simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis, or SPICE (1971) on minicomputers.

The microprocessor led to the development of the microcomputer, small, low-cost computers that could be owned by individuals and small businesses. Microcomputers, the first of which appeared in the 1970s,became ubiquitous in the 1980s and beyond.

In April 1975, Olivetti produced the P6060, the world's first personal computer with built-in floppy disk Central Unit on two plates, with 32 alphanumeric characters plasma display, 80 columns graphical thermal printer, 48 Kbytes of RAM, BASIC language, 40 kilograms of weight. The first Apple computer with graphic and sound capabilities came out well after the Commodore PET. Computing has evolved with microcomputer architectures, with features added from their larger brethren, now dominant in most market segments.

Fifth Generation Computing devices are in the development phase and they are expected to deploy Knowledge information Processing Systems (KIPS) and Very Very Large scale Integrators known as Artificial Intelligence (Al).

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what is computer/कम्प्यूटर क्या है

कम्प्यूटर क्या है? कंप्यूटर एक उपकरण है जो इनपुट को स्वीकार करता है, इसे संसाधित करता है, यदि आवश्यक हो तो डेटा संग्रहीत करता है और उपयोगकर्ता की आवश्यकता के अनुसार वांछित आउटपुट देता है। कंप्यूटर शब्द का उपयोग इलेक्ट्रॉनिक और इलेक्ट्रोमैकेनिकल (पार्ट इलेक्ट्रॉनिक और पार्ट मैकेनिकल) घटकों के संयोजन से बने डिवाइस का वर्णन करने के लिए किया जाता है। अपने आप में, एक कंप्यूटर में कोई खुफिया नहीं है और इसे हार्डवेयर के रूप में संदर्भित किया जाता है। सामान्य तौर पर कंप्यूटर निम्नलिखित कार्य करता है। 1. उपयोगकर्ता आपूर्ति डेटा और निर्देशों को स्वीकार करें। 2. दिए गए निर्देश के अनुसार उच्च गति पर दी गई बड़ी मात्रा में जानकारी संग्रहीत करता है। 3. दिए गए निर्देश के अनुसार उच्च गति पर दी गई जानकारी को संसाधित करें। 4. उपयोगकर्ता विनिर्देशों के अनुसार परिणाम आउटपुट करें 5. बहुत तेज दर पर केबल के माध्यम से डाटा, इमेज, साउंड और ग्राफिक्स ट्रांसफर करता है दूसरे शब्दों में, हम कंप्यूटर को आपूर्ति करते हैं; संसाधित होने के लिए डेटा और निर्देश डेटा के साथ प्रक्रिया। कंप्यूटर डेटा और न...

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