INTRODUCTION WITH VARIOUS EXPANSION BUS/SL INTRODUCTION WITH VARIOUS EXPANSION BUS/SLOTS

INTRODUCTION WITH VARIOUS EXPANSION BUS/SL INTRODUCTION WITH VARIOUS EXPANSION BUS/SLOTS

Expansion slots are compartments in a PC into which you can plug Expansion Cards such as a video or sound card & connect them to the system bus. Most PC's have from 3 to 8 expansion slots

Expansion slots for PCs come in two basic sizes: half- and full-size. Half-size slots are also called 8-bit slots because they can transfer 8 bits at a time. Full-size slots are sometimes called 16-bit slots. In addition, modern PCs include PCI slots for expansion boards that connect directly to the PCI bus.

An expansion card in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard to add additional functionality to a computer system. One edge of the expansion card holds the contacts that fit exactly into the slot. They establish the electrical contact between the electronics (mostly integrated circuits) on the card and on the motherboard.

The commonly used expansion slots are :( We will only discuss BUSES which are common in use)

ISA EXPANSION SLOTS

Industry Standard Architecture (in practice almost always shortened to ISA) was a computer bus standard for IBM compatible computers.

It was introduced in 1981 with original IBM PC. Starting in the early 90s, ISA began to be replaced by the PCI local bus architecture. Most computers made today include both an AT bus for slower devices and a PCI bus for devices that need better bus performance. In 1993, Intel and Microsoft introduced a new version of the ISA specification called Plug and Play ISA. Plug and Play ISA enables the operating system to configure expansion boards automatically so that users do not need to fiddle with DIP switches and jumpers. Transfer rates of 8 bit ISA bus was 4.77 MHz which was later extended to 16 bit with speed of 6 to 8 MHz.

MICRO CHANNEL ARCHITECTURE

Micro Channel Architecture (in practice almost always shortened to MCA) was a proprietary 16- or 32-bit parallel computer bus created by IBM in the 1980s for use on their new PS/2 computers. MCA was primarily a 32-bit bus, but the system also supported a 16-bit mode designed to lower the cost of connectors and logic in Intel-based machines like the IBM PS/2. The basic data rate of MCA was increased from ISA's 8 MHz to 10 MHz.

EISA (EXTENDED INDUSTRY STANDARD ARCHITECTURE)

Acronym for Extended Industry Standard Architecture, bus architecture designed for PCs using an Intel 80386, 80486, or Pentium microprocessor. EISA buses are 32 bits wide and support multiprocessing. The principal difference between EISA and MCA is that EISA is backward compatible with the ISA bus (also called the AT bus), while MCA is not. EISA also used the 8 MHz

clock speed of ISA.

PCI EXPANSION SLOTS

The Peripheral Component Interconnect, or PCI,specifies a computer bus for attaching peripheral devices to a computer motherboard. Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: network cards, sound cards, modems, extra ports such as USB or serial, TV tuner cards and disk controllers. In years past video cards were mounted using PCI, but rapidly outgrew the capabilities of PCI, so that today PCI video cards are a rare low-end option. Many common PCI card devices are now integrated into motherboards, so that modern PCs often have no cards fitted.

It can run at clock speeds of 33 or 66 MHz at 32 bits, it yields a throughput rate of 133 Mbps. In

a typical system, the firmware (or operating system) queries all PCI buses at startup time (via PCI

Configuration Space) to find out what devices are present and what system resources (memory space, I/O space, interrupt lines, etc.) each needs. It then allocates the resources and tells each device what its

allocation is.

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what is computer/कम्प्यूटर क्या है

कम्प्यूटर क्या है? कंप्यूटर एक उपकरण है जो इनपुट को स्वीकार करता है, इसे संसाधित करता है, यदि आवश्यक हो तो डेटा संग्रहीत करता है और उपयोगकर्ता की आवश्यकता के अनुसार वांछित आउटपुट देता है। कंप्यूटर शब्द का उपयोग इलेक्ट्रॉनिक और इलेक्ट्रोमैकेनिकल (पार्ट इलेक्ट्रॉनिक और पार्ट मैकेनिकल) घटकों के संयोजन से बने डिवाइस का वर्णन करने के लिए किया जाता है। अपने आप में, एक कंप्यूटर में कोई खुफिया नहीं है और इसे हार्डवेयर के रूप में संदर्भित किया जाता है। सामान्य तौर पर कंप्यूटर निम्नलिखित कार्य करता है। 1. उपयोगकर्ता आपूर्ति डेटा और निर्देशों को स्वीकार करें। 2. दिए गए निर्देश के अनुसार उच्च गति पर दी गई बड़ी मात्रा में जानकारी संग्रहीत करता है। 3. दिए गए निर्देश के अनुसार उच्च गति पर दी गई जानकारी को संसाधित करें। 4. उपयोगकर्ता विनिर्देशों के अनुसार परिणाम आउटपुट करें 5. बहुत तेज दर पर केबल के माध्यम से डाटा, इमेज, साउंड और ग्राफिक्स ट्रांसफर करता है दूसरे शब्दों में, हम कंप्यूटर को आपूर्ति करते हैं; संसाधित होने के लिए डेटा और निर्देश डेटा के साथ प्रक्रिया। कंप्यूटर डेटा और न...

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