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What is an Operating System and its type ? Go here....


    Software that controls the execution of computer programs and may provide various services like disc management, device access, printing, memory management etc. It is the master control program (e.g., Windows) that manages a computer's internal functions and provides a means of control to the computer's operations and file system  Operating systems can be classified as follows: 

 Multi-user : Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating systems 
permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users. 
 Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU. 
 Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently. 
 Multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently 
 Real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as DOS and 
UNIX, are not real-time 

Microsoft DOS (Disk Operating System) is a command line user interface. MS-DOS 1.0 was released in 1981 for IBM computers and the latest version of MS-DOS is MS-DOS 6.22, which was released in 1994. While MS-DOS is not commonly used by itself today, it still can be accessed from every version of  Microsoft Windows by clicking Start / Run and typing "command" or by typing "CMD" in Windows NT, Windows 2000 or Windows XP. 

This is the next installment of Windows from Windows 3.11. Windows 95 added major 
enhancements when compared to Windows 3.11. Some of the new features that Windows 95 have, which Windows 3.x does not have, are: 
 Plug and Play– Allows hardware devices to be automatically installed into the computer with the 
proper software. Does not require jumpers to be played with. 
 32 Bit– 32-Bit operating system allowing the computer to run faster and more efficiently. 
 Registry– Combines the power of multiple configuration files into two files allowing the system 
configurations to be located easier. 
 Memory– Windows 95 has an improved memory handling processes compared to Windows 3.11. 
 Right mouse click– Allows you new access and text manipulation by utilizing both buttons instead 
of one. 
 CD-Player– Enhanced CD-Player with improved usability and AutoPlay feature.

Microsoft Windows 98 is the upgrade to Microsoft Windows 95. While this was not as big as release as Windows 95, Windows 98 has significant updates, fixes and support for new peripherals. The following is a list of some of its new features. 
 Protection - Windows 98 includes additional protection for important files on your computer 
such as backing up your registry automatically. 
 Improved support - Improved support for new devices such as AGP, Direct X, DVD, USB, and 
 FAT32 - Windows 98 has the capability of converting your drive to FAT32 without loosing any 
information. 
 Interface - Users of Windows 95 and NT will enjoy the same easy interface. 
 PnP - Improved PnP support, to detect devices even better than Windows 95. 
 Internet Explorer 4.0 - Included Internet Explorer 4.0 
 Customizable Taskbar - Windows add many nice new features to the taskbar, which 95 and 
NT do not have. 
 Includes Plus! - Includes features only found in Microsoft Plus! Free. 
 Active Desktop - Includes Active Desktop, which allows for users to customize there desktop 
with the look of the Internet. 

Including the same additional features as Windows 98 however includes additional fixes and all of 
Year 2000 patches have been included in Windows 98 Second Edition. The following is a listing of the 
various new features Windows 98 SE includes. 
 Updates - Includes all the latest updates for Windows 98 including Year 2000 updates, USB 
support and more. 
 Software - Updated versions of Internet Explorer, outlook express, windows media player, DirectX, NetMeeting and more. 
 Drivers / Support - Additional support for latest technology such as MMX, USB, Pentium III and 
more. 

    Windows Millennium also known as Windows ME was introduced in September 14, 2000 to the general public as the upgrade for Windows 95 and Windows 98 users and is designed for the end-users. 
Overall Windows ME has the look and feel of Windows 98 with some additional fixes and features not 
available in previous operating systems. 
    While Windows ME includes some of the latest fixes and updates and some enticing new features 
we recommend this update only for users that may find or want some of the new features or for users 
who are purchasing a new computer with this operating system included on it. 

    Windows 2000 Professional is the latest edition of the Microsoft Operating System series for end-
users. Windows 2000 is based on the Windows NT Kernel and is sometimes referred to as Windows NT
5.0. Windows 2000 contains over 29 Million lines of code mainly written in C++ 8 Million of those lines alone are written for drivers. Windows 2000 is currently by far one of the largest commercial projects ever built. 

• Support for FAT16, FAT32 and NTFS. 
• Increased uptime of the system and significantly fewer OS reboot scenarios. 
• Windows Installer tracks applications and recognizes and replaces missing components. 
• Protects memory of individual applications and processes to avoid a single app bringing the system down. 
• Encrypted File Systems protects sensitive data. 
• Secure Virtual Private Networking (VPN) supports tunneling in to private LAN over public Internet. 
• Personalized menus adapt to the way you work. 
• Multilingual version allows for User Interface and help to switch, based on logon. 
• Includes broader support for high-speed networking devices, including Native ATM and cable 
modems. 
• Supports Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE 1394 for greater bandwidth devices. 

Codenamed Whistler, Microsoft Windows XP is short for Windows Experienced and is the 
convergence of the two major Microsoft operating systems into one. 

Home Edition - Full / Upgrade 
Professional - Full / Upgrade 

    Windows XP is designed more for users who may not be familiar with all of Windows features and has several new abilities to make the Windows experience easier for those users. Windows XP includes various new features not found in previous versions of Microsoft Windows. Below is a listing of some of these new features. 
• New interface - a completely new look and ability to change the look. 
• Updates - new feature that automatically obtains updates for the Internet. 
• Internet Explorer 6 - Includes Internet explorer 6.
• Multilingual support - added support for different languages. 
    In addition to the above features, Windows XP does increase reliability when compared to 
previous versions of Microsoft Windows. 

    Windows Vista (formerly code named Longhorn) is the next evolution of Microsoft's operating 
system. Vista offers advancement in reliability, security, ease of deployment, performance and 
manageability over Windows XP. As of July 30, 2005 Windows Vista is in the beta 1 phase and was launched in Jan 2007. Some of the Windows Vista features include the following:

• Premium editions of Windows Vista include a redesigned user interface and visual style, named 
Windows Aero (Authentic, Energetic, Reflective and Open). Aero is intended to be cleaner and 
more aesthetically pleasing than previous Windows versions, including glass-like transparencies, 
window animations and eye candy. Windows Aero also features a new default font (Segoe UI) 
with a slightly larger size, a streamlined style for wizards, and a change in the tone and phrasing of 
most of the dialogs and control panels. 
• Icons in Windows Vista are visually more realistic than illustrative.
• When moving or copying files, Windows Explorer displays the full source and destination path, 
size and number of items and the transfer speed in megabytes per second (MB/s).
• In Windows Vista, the Start Menu has undergone some significant changes. One of the chief 
additions is a Search box, where users may begin typing immediately.
• Windows Flip and Flip 3D.
• Windows Sidebar.
• Windows Mail replaces Outlook Express. 
• Windows Contacts, a new unified contact and personal information management application, 
replaces Windows Address Book (WAB). 
• Windows Calendar is the new calendar application that is included in Windows Vista. 
• Sound Recorder has been rewritten and now supports recording clips of any length and saving 
them as WMA. 
• Windows Photo Gallery have been added with enhanced photo management capability. 
• Windows Internet Explorer 7 with tabbed browsing added is included with OS. 
• Windows Media Player 11, which is also available on Windows XP, features a fully revamped 
interface. Windows Media Player 11 in Windows Vista Home Premium and Ultimate Editions 
natively supports playback of HD DVD. 
• Media Center in Windows Vista, available in the Home Premium and Ultimate editions, has been 
upgraded significantly. 

    These are some of the feature described here. Other than this windows vista adds many more 
features which is very useful for mobile users. 

    However the next generation of windows vista known as Windows 7 is also running in its beta 
phase and about to be launched in Dec 2009. 


• Active Directory improves manageability, enables security, and extends interoperability with 
other operating systems. 
• Provides high-level interfaces for database access and Active Directory services. 
• Lets you use COM+ to run component-based applications, integrated Web applications and 
message-queuing services. 
• Transaction Services feature makes it easier to develop and deploy server-centric applications. 
• Microsoft BackOffice is fully integrated into Windows 2000 Server.


Some of the significant features of Windows 2000 Advanced Server are: 
• The server operating system for e-commerce and line-of-business applications. 
• Includes all the features of Windows 2000 Server, with additional scalability and clustering 
support. 
• Increased reliability--ensure your business-critical applications are online when your customers 
need them. 
• Easier to use and manage clusters, applications, and updates. 
• Supports 8-way symmetric multiprocessing. 

Microsoft Windows Server 2003 is the foundation of the Microsoft Windows Server System. It is 
the most secure and reliable server platform Microsoft has ever released and provides a unifying layer of common services across the IT, application, and information worker infrastructures, including the following services: 
• A common application-programming model 
• A common directory and security model 
• Common data services 
• Integrated caching 
• Integrated distributed transaction management 
• Integrated diagnostics 
• Integrated management services 
• Integrated media and collaboration services
 
    Windows Server 2003 also makes significant advances in ease of deployment and ease of use, 
helping to reduce complexity and therefore reduce costs across the IT environment. The Windows Server 2003 family can meet organizational requirements ranging from the small business to the data center asfollows: 
• Windows Server 2003, Data center Edition, for the highest levels of scalability and reliability 
• Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition, for mission-critical server workloads 
• Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition, for departmental and standard workloads 
• Windows Server 2003, Web Edition, for Web serving and hosting 
• Windows Small Business Server 2003 as the first server for small businesses 
• Windows Server 2003 brings many improvements to Active Directory, making it even more 
versatile, dependable, and economical to use. Specifically, Active Directory in Windows Server 
2003 provides: 
• Easier deployment and management. 
• Greater security. 
• Improved performance and dependability.

UNIX, which is not an acronym, was developed by some of the members of the Multics team at 
the bell labs starting in the late 1960's by many of the same people who helped and created the C 
programming language. The UNIX today ,however is not just the work of a couple of programmers. Many other organizations, institutes and various other individuals contributed significant additions to the system we now know today. 

Linux is developed by Linus Torvalds and further elaborated by a number of developers 
throughout the world. Linux is a freely available multitasking and multi-user operating system. From the outset, Linux was placed under General Public License (GPL). The system can be distributed, used and expanded free of charge. In this way, developers have access to all the source codes, thus being able to integrate new functions easily or to find and eliminate programming bugs quickly. Thereby drivers for new adapters (SCSI controller, graphics cards, etc.) can be integrated very rapidly.


                        

अन्य विषय 
अन्य जानकारी

            जानकारी अच्छी लगी तो किर्पया शेयर जरूर करें 


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BIOS

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What is Software ?   What is Software ?   The programs that tell the hardware what tasks are to be done and how. it is the general terem which describes all forms of programs associated with the computer. software is the set of programs that is  essential  to perform any task on the computer. Type of Software Operating System      The program that communicates between all components of a computer is known as operating system computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending to the display screen, keeping track of directories on the disk, and controlling devices such as disk drives and printers Operating systems can be classified as follows:  Multi-user : Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating systems  permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users. Windows server 2003, Unix etc are the example ...
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What is Computer ? कम्प्यूटर क्या है?

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?       Computer is a device which accepts input, processes it, stores the data, if required and gives desired output as per user requirement. The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a  combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components. By itself, a computer has no intelligence and is referred to as hardware. In general the computer does the  following.  1. Accept user supplied data and instructions.  2. Stores large volume of information given at high speed as per the instruction given.  3. Process the information given at a high speed as per the instruction given.  4. Output the results according to user specifications 5. Transfers Data, Images, Sound and Graphics through cables at a very fast rate       In other words, we supply to the computer; the data to be processed and the instructions to  process the data with. The compute...
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Computer Generation/कंप्यूटर निर्माण की पीढियां

 पहली पीढ़ी कंप्यूटर (1946-1954)     इलेक्ट्रॉनिक वाल्व (वैक्यूम ट्यूब) का उपयोग करने वाले डिजिटल कंप्यूटर को पहली पीढ़ी के रूप में जाना जाता है। पहली पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटरों के कुछ उदाहरण हैं इंटरनेशनल बिजनेस मशीन की IBM-700 श्रृंखला IBM-701, IMB-709, EDVAC (इलेक्ट्रॉनिक डिस्क्रीट वेरिएबल ऑटोमैटिक कंप्यूटर), और UNIVAC (यूनिवर्सल ऑटोमैटिक कंप्यूटर)। पहली पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटर आमतौर पर सीपीयू घटकों के रूप में वैक्यूम ट्यूबों का उपयोग करते थे। वैक्यूम ट्यूबों की उच्च लागत ने मुख्य मेमोरी के लिए उनके उपयोग को रोक दिया। MIT में निर्मित बवंडर I, फेराइट कोर मेमोरी का उपयोग करने वाला पहला कंप्यूटर था। पहली पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटर प्रोग्रामिंग के लिए विधानसभा भाषा का इस्तेमाल किया। वे निश्चित-बिंदु अंकगणित का उपयोग करते थे। दूसरी पीढ़ी  कंप्यूटर (1955-1964)     दूसरी पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटरों में सीपीयू घटकों के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले ट्रांजिस्टर, मुख्य मेमोरी के लिए फेराइट कोर और द्वितीयक मेमोरी के लिए चुंबकीय डिस्क, ड्रम और टेप होते थे। उन्होंने प्रोग्रामिंग के लिए उच्च स्तरीय भाषा...
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मदर बोर्ड / Motherboard

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ईथरनेट शब्दावली /Ethernet Terminology

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Ethernet/ईथरनेट

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What is Computer ? कम्प्यूटर क्या है?

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?       Computer is a device which accepts input, processes it, stores the data, if required and gives desired output as per user requirement. The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a  combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components. By itself, a computer has no intelligence and is referred to as hardware. In general the computer does the  following.  1. Accept user supplied data and instructions.  2. Stores large volume of information given at high speed as per the instruction given.  3. Process the information given at a high speed as per the instruction given.  4. Output the results according to user specifications 5. Transfers Data, Images, Sound and Graphics through cables at a very fast rate       In other words, we supply to the computer; the data to be processed and the instructions to  process the data with. The compute...
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BIOS

BIOS       BIOS is a software which resides in a small flash EEPROM memory on the motherboard. It is a  form of read only memory (ROM), but may be rewritten or programmed when the right tools and  techniques are applied. It works as an interface between the computer hardware and operating system  and communicates between computer and devices.       The BIOS is very important part of your computer that makes its home on the motherboard. The BIOS provides an interface between the raw PC hardware and the standard operating system, it is usually stored in ROM. As you can see, BIOS is important; every computer needs it. And like CPU's, it comes in different versions. BIOS versions are based on years. These chips are typically the biggest chips on your motherboard other than the CPU and math-coprocessor. There is usually a big sticker on it that says BIOS. The sticker also says what kind of BIOS it is and what year the BIOS were published...
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