Steps involved in transmission between any two computers

Steps involved in transmission between any two computers

1. An application software/Protocol like internet explorer should be available in the computer to produce the output in the form easily readable to the user e.g. internet explorer produces http in a readable form.

2. Data is broken into packets, compressed and encrypted using suitable protocol

3. As data moves down through the layers it is encapsulated – i.e. additional information is added as headers or trailers

4. The data in the packet does not change

5. Each layer is separate and independent

6. A session/connection is established

7. Data is sent in an orderly fashion through best route available in packet form using a suitable protocol like Ethernet, token ring etc

8. At the Physical Layer the bits may be analogue or digital, in the form of electrical, light or radio waves

9. On the receiver end packets are collected counted arranged in series and given to the next layer if required retransmission is also done.

10. Each has its own function, but also provides a service to layers above and below itself

11. The model should be considered an aid to understanding the nature of communication on the network – and useful in sorting out troubles that might occur on a network

12. It allows both software engineers and hardware manufacturers to ensure that their products work together.

13. When communicating, each OSI layer talks with the same layer in the other device E.g. the Application Layer of Device A communicates with the Application Layer of Device B, by passing the data through the other layers

14. The Application Layer of each device is not concerned with how the other layers are functioning, but it does rely on them to do their job

The following diagrams shows the protocol stacks used in OSI model and TCP/IP model along

with the related protocols and functions of each layer.